Internalized sexism refers to the manifestation of sexist beliefs and practices that individuals, regardless of gender, may direct towards themselves or others (Bearman, 2009). These arise through the adoption of social gender norms and expectations into the individual’s thoughts, behavior, and self-perception (American Psychological Association, n.d.). From a lens of prejudices and stereotypes, internalized sexism contributes as a form of internalized oppression, where individuals passively accept traditional gender roles (Nadal & Mendoza, 2013).
The following text provides examples of normative and structural discrimination, and illustrates their effect on individual experiences.
Framing & Perspectives
Sexism is discriminatory and prejudicial beliefs and practices directed against individuals based on their perceived gender identity (American Psychological Association, n.d.). It is deeply rooted in our culture and influences language, thoughts, and interactions in various everyday situations (Bearman, 2009). Internalization is a process of unconscious mental learning of characteristics, beliefs, feelings, or attitudes of others into one’s own personality, shaping the individual’s worldview (American Psychological Association, n.d.).
Internalized sexism makes people expect less from themselves, leading to a sense of powerlessness. This shows up in various ways, like feeling powerless, competing with others based on gender, viewing oneself only by physical appearance, devaluing oneself, and doubting one’s own judgments (Bozkur, 2020). For example, a non-heteronormative couple struggles with societal expectations of gender roles within their relationship, with one partner who might feel pressured to adopt a more traditional gender role despite their personal preferences (Nadal & Mendoza, 2013). A notable example of internalized sexism is that women often underestimate their worth, with only 37% negotiating their salaries compared to 48% of men (LeanIn.Org & McKinsey & Company, 2021), 68% accepting the initial offer versus 52% of men (Glassdoor, 2016), and applying to 20% fewer jobs than men (LinkedIn, 2019). A trans woman is likely to feel pressured to conform to stereotypical feminine beauty standards, believing her worth is tied to how well they are perceived as feminine (Nadal & Mendoza, 2013).
Relevance
The effects of internalized sexism have a lasting impact on a person’s self-esteem. It is not a one-off event but continues over time and requires constant attention, often influenced by peers (Bozkur, 2020). Understanding how internalized sexism works, recognizing its effects, and having the ability to reject it are essential steps in the fight against gender inequality and in building a more fair society (Bearman, 2009).
Keywords: Social Gender Norms, Gender-Based Violence, Gender (In)Equality, Stereotypes, Prejudice, Oppression, Sexist Behavior And Attitudes
Connected terms: Sexism, Hostile Sexism,Benevolent Sexism, Gendered Ageism, Victim Blaming, Body Image, Gender-Based Violence, Incel, “Toxic” Masculinity, Yes Means Yes, Racialized Beauty Standards, Housewifization
References
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Internalization. In APA dictionary. https://dictionary.apa.org/#
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Sexism. In APA dictionary. https://dictionary.apa.org/#
Bearman, S. (2009). The fabric of internalized sexism. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 1(1), 10-47. http://www.jiss.org
Bozkur, B. (2020). Developing internalized sexism scale for women: A validity and reliability study. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 11, 1981-2028.
Nadal, K. L., & Mendoza, R. J. (2013). Internalized oppression and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. In E. J. R. David (Ed.), Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups (pp. 153-180). Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826199263.0009
