The first wave (late 19th and early 20th centuries) primarily sought legal rights like women’s suffrage (Evans, 1997). The second wave, from the 1960s to the 1980s, expanded to issues like workplace equality and reproductive rights (Freedman, 2002). The third wave, beginning in the 1990s, emphasized individualism and diversity (Baumgardner & Richards, 2000), while the fourth wave, emerging in the 2010s, focused on digital activism and intersectionality (Munro, 2013).
Keywords: Social movement, classical feminism, political movement, ideological movement, patriarchal structures, feminist theory
Connected terms: Classical Feminisms, First Wave Feminism, Second Wave Feminism, Third Wave Feminism, Fourth Wave Feminism, Benevolent Sexism, Hostile Sexism, Internalized Sexism, Reproductive Rights, Acronym “LGBTQIAPN+”
References
Baumgardner, J., & Richards, A. (2000). Manifesta: Young women, feminism, and the future. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Evans, S. (1997). Born for liberty: A history of women in America. Free Press.
Freedman, E. B. (2002). No turning back: The history of feminism and the future of women. Ballantine Books.
Munro, E. (2013). Feminism: A fourth wave? Political Insight, 4(2), 22-25.
